• In 2017, an estimated 16 million bags of maize worth Sh2 billion were lost.
• The losses were far lower in 2018 after the pest control industry developed products to manage the infestation based on experiences with the same worm in South America.
Image: STAR ILLUSTRATED
Image: STAR ILLUSTRATED
Using pesticides on our crops lifts our agricultural production by as much as 90 per cent. It is, however, a food production blessing that requires powerful regulation and strict safety measures to ensure gain in food and to prevent loss in any way in human health or the environment.
In Kenya, achieving that oversight is based on four regulatory pillars.
The beginning point for that structure is the fact that pest losses suffered by untreated crops can be extremely high. In 2017, for example, we suffered one of our largest ever crop losses as 70 per cent of maize was savaged by the destructive bug, the fall armyworm.
An estimated 16 million bags of maize worth Sh2 billion were lost as farmers without approved pesticides resorted to touring fields squashing the worms individually, or using ashes or tobacco to try and slow the invasion.
The losses were far lower in 2018 after the pest control industry developed products to manage the infestation based on experiences with the same worm in South America.
Yet, even as the country grapples with new pests, public declarations of pesticides as a health threat have gathered pace. Recent presentations are openly distorting facts to present pesticides as responsible for Kenya’s rising levels of cancer.
Indeed, the details of such claims have been so badly misrepresented as to cast doubt on the integrity of those involved. Yet, without raising public understanding of the pesticide regulation process, it is hard to demonstrate where the falsities are being deployed and thus re-establish the trust that is being undermined in the regulator, the Pest Control Products Board.
In fact, Kenya’s pesticide regulation has recently been reviewed to update a four-pillar system that continues to provide outstanding health and environmental protection from pesticides.
The first pillar in that system is a comprehensive scientific review and risk assessment, which spans more than 200 separate studies of health and environmental impacts. It was carried out for six-nine years at averagely Sh23 billion in collaboration with experts from other jurisdictions.
These tests include assessments of how a product is absorbed, distributed, metabolised and excreted by the human body; its toxicity level when ingested, when inhaled, to the skin and central nervous system, and across eye irritation, skin irritation, and neurotoxicity. It is also tested to establish whether it alters DNA, or causes cancer, gene mutation or any birth defects in long term studies whose reports must be submitted for evaluation.
Products are also tested for their effects on the environment, across land and aquatic animals, vegetation, water, air, homes, and soils.
Yet this entire barrier of international testing and results has been ignored by campaigners who claim Kenyans are being subjected to untested products.
In calling for local testing, no campaigner has explained how Kenyans would benefit from redoing these international tests.
What we test for in Kenya, however, as the second pillar in our regulatory protection, are residues, looking for any micrograms of pesticide left on crops to make sure they are below the internationally set safe levels.
The maximum safe residue levels for each product and each crop are set by the World Health Organisation and Food and Agriculture Organisation Residue Committee at meetings that PCPB attends.
The Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate then tests crop samples constantly to ensure the pesticide residues are at safe levels, alerting authorities where they are not.
The third pillar is the constant monitoring of new information. The banning and the controlled use of hazardous pesticides are agreed upon under global conventions such as the Rotterdam, Stockholm and Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete Ozone Layer, which Kenya is a signatory to.
Kenya automatically outlaws any pesticide banned under these conventions. However, if a pesticide is banned by one country, while other regimes continue to class it as safe, PCPB reviews the evidence and decides on a case by case basis.
The final pillar is ensuring safe use – stewardship - with Kenyan law requiring all approved products are labelled with safety instructions in Swahili and English. To ensure farmers follow these instructions, the proposed Bill updating the regulations recognises that agriculture is now devolved and assigns county governments the agricultural extension on safe pesticide use.
That extension spans how to identify genuine pesticides, safely use, transport and dispose of them, and wear protective clothing when spraying to avoid fumes and skin contact.
As a sum, so stringent is Kenya’s pest control regulation that the country is Africa’s second-largest exporter of fresh produce to international markets that demand good agricultural practice and absolute rigour in pesticide safety.
There are no benefits to claiming risks that science does not support, or in deteriorating into populism. The facts are that products are tested, all the international standards are applied, and pursuing a repeat of years of testing, or banning pesticides used freely in the other jurisdictions that Kenya benchmarks, will simply cost us more than a third of our food production.
CEO, Agrochemicals Association of Kenya