A mother and her three-year-old daughter have been killed in India after the woman was bitten by a snake.
Not realising she had been attacked, the woman began breastfeeding her child. Both died before they could reach a hospital.
The news comes the same day as the World Health Organization declared snake bites a "global health priority".
Between 81,000 and 138,000 people are killed by snake bites each year, with around half of all deaths in India.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), around five million snake bites occur each year, although venom is only injected in just over half of cases.
From blindness to amputations, hundreds of thousands of people are left with permanent disability after being attacked by snakes. The WHO describes such cases as among the most neglected tropical diseases.
The majority of snake bites take place in densely populated areas of sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia and South-East Asia, where humans and snakes often come into contact.
Poor, rural populations are at particular risk from snake bites, as they often lack access to antidotes or may turn to traditional treatments in the absence of modern medical facilities.
Many of the worst affected countries do not have their own facilities for producing antivenoms, which must be quickly administered to prevent or halt the damage caused by toxins.
The World Health Assembly's new resolution will ensure that countries follow a common strategy in the prevention, treatment and management of snake attacks.
Venomous snakes generally fall into two categories.
Snakes with fixed fangs usually use neurotoxic venom which affects the nervous system and breathing, while other species have folded fangs which are only used when attacking prey or threats. Their toxin usually destroys skin tissue and causes internal bleeding.
It is important to distinguish between the snakes with the most potent venom and those which pose the greatest threat to humans.
The most toxic venom of any land snake is found in Australia's inland taipan.
But while the snake is said to have enough venom in one bite to kill 100 men, there are no recorded human deaths from a bite by the species, thanks to its shy and reclusive nature, its remote location and the widespread availability of antivenom in Australia.
Sea snakes are also highly venomous, but because of their limited contact with humans, bites are relatively rare.
The less-venomous but still highly dangerous black mamba and the coastal taipan (native to Australia) pose a more immediate threat to humans.
Both come from the same family of snakes and their venom is more fast-acting than that of other snakes, meaning that without treatment a bite victim can die in less than half an hour.
The black mamba is
in fact
brown or
olive,
but gets its name from the colour of the inside of its mouth. It is found in much of Sub-Saharan Africa and grows to over 10ft (3 metres) in length.
The coastal taipan, meanwhile, is very aggressive compared to its inland cousin.
Which snakes cause the most deaths?In terms of numbers of snakebite cases and fatalities, the relatively small saw-scaled viper is one of the most deadly snakes. It is found from West Africa to parts of the Indian subcontinent and most often bites after dark.
In India, where around half of snake bite deaths worldwide are thought to take place, the saw-scaled viper is one of four species which together account for the highest number of human fatalities.
The other members of the so-called "big four" are:
- The common or Indian krait: Although normally docile during the day, it becomes very aggressive at night, and can grow up to 1.75m (5ft 9in) in length
- Russell's viper: It is a generally aggressive snake and is widespread across India and South Asia. It feeds on rodents and so is often found near human settlements, both in urban and rural areas
- The Indian cobra is found across the Indian subcontinent. It is widespread in areas without modern medical facilities and attacks after
dark,
and causes internal bleeding
- Remain calm and seek immediate medical attention.
- Keep the affected part of the body as still as possible, and remove jewellery or watches
- Loosen, but do not
remove,
clothing
Do
not
try any of the following steps:
- Sucking the venom out of the bite
- Cutting the venom out of the bite or making it bleed
- Applying anything to the wound, including ice, heat or chemicals
- Leaving the person
- Putting anything around the limb, such as a tourniquet, as it won't stop the spread of venom and could make any swelling worse, leading to amputation
It is also important not to try to handle or capture a potentially venomous snake. Even dead snakes should be handled with caution, as the nervous system of recently killed specimens may still be active and can deliver a venomous bite.