The clucks and squawks are magnified as the owner, Veronica Muchina, broadcasts maize grain in one coop after another.
Muchina keeps a few dairy cattle, too. But the mowing of her cattle pales in comparison to the chicken sounds that fill the ambience.
During this visit to her farm, she has tens of chicks and about 150 adult chickens. The highest number of chickens she’s ever had was 600 in 2022.
She had a humble beginning. She inherited three chickens from her mother-in-law. “There’s no time I’ve never had chicken and eggs,” says Muchina. “So far, I’ve seen good results.”
The three chickens multiplied to 500. “I sold 300 of them and earned Sh200,000, which I used to pay school fees for my children,” she says.
Her
market is drawn from the teachers in the nearby schools, factories, hotels and
even her neighbours.
Muchina’s farm is not connected to the national grid. She’s deployed some improvisation. Sheets of nylon gunny bags line the sides of her chicken houses to reduce cold. “During the cold season, I light a charcoal stove, especially when I have chicks,” she says.
She ensures that the ventilation is sufficient to prevent the production of carbon monoxide, which is toxic.
One hen produces about 30 chicks, after which she disposes of the hens to the meat market. She collects at least two trays of eggs per day. She sells an egg at Sh20. “I pay my farm workers from chicken earnings,” she says.
“My chickens have not been affected by diseases,” she confidently says. “I have a son who is a veterinary doctor. I regularly consult him.”
Not many farmers are as fortunate as Muchina. Disease outbreaks have wiped off flocks of chickens on many farms in the country. Resuming chicken rearing after such a catastrophic experience has not been pleasant for many such farmers.
Some have given up. Consequently, the Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organisation is reaching out to farmers with technologies, innovations and management practices (Timps) to cut down on chicken mortality.
A Kalro veterinary doctor, Wilfred Mutisya, based at the Dairy Research Institute in Naivasha says chickens are affected by many diseases. “There are viral, bacterial and fungal. The fungal ones are either mycotoxins or aflatoxins.”
He says the viral diseases include Newcastle, infectious basal disease, bronchitis and Mareks. Salmonella and Escherichia coli (E. coli) are among the bacterial diseases that are included.
Some farmers have procured incubators to hatch their eggs. This is a precautionary measure to cut down the entry of pathogens to one’s farm, especially if eggs were previously sourced externally.
VACCINATION SCHEDULE
Dr Mutisya emphasises that the recommended vaccines ought to be a must. “The Newcastle jab is given soonest after hatching,” he says. “It’s important to adhere to the recommended vaccination schedule for chicken.”
The schedule lists infectious bursal disease (Gumboro) and Mareks as the others to be administered on day one. For Mareks, the route of administration is through the subcutaneous lining while an aerosol spray does it for the others.
When the chicks are 10-12 days old, vaccination against Newcastle and infectious bronchitis has to be administered through water. These are vaccination boosters.
At 18-21 days, a booster vaccination through water should be carried out against Gumboro. At six weeks, the fowl pox vaccine is necessary. It’s a wing web jab. At eight weeks, the fowl typhoid vaccine through intramuscular injection is administered. At 18 weeks, the Newcastle disease vaccine is done, either through eye drops or drinking water.
The schedule warns: “Never vaccinate sick chicken.” It urges: “Consult your veterinary or livestock expert for a detailed programme in your area.”
Dr Mutisya says, “These steps ensure that the birds attain full immunity.” Dr Mutisya’s colleague, Ochieng’ Ouko, recognises that the Kalro Timps have significantly boosted the survival chances of chicks. “We have reduced chick mortality from 50 per cent to only five per cent at household level in parts of Bomet county,” he says.
PARASITES
Dr Mutisya knows how much parasites can be a nuisance. “There are two categories. These are external and internal,” he says. Fleas top the list of external ones. “They irritate the birds, which end up stressed,” he says. “Once the birds are stressed, they cannot produce to their full potential.”
The veterinary doctor explains that the parasites also suck blood, leading to anaemia. If the number of parasites is too high, a farmer might lose some of the birds.
Chicken houses with cracks or crevices in the walls are likely to harbour soft ticks, which are notorious parasites. They emerge at night to feed, after which they return to their hideouts.
To deal with this menace effectively, a farmer should apply recommended insecticides on the house.
Dr Mutisya cites mites as other external parasites that the farmer needs to be alert to keep at bay. “These normally burrow under the skin or the scales of the legs of chicken,” he says. “Others burrow under the feathers, irritating the birds.”
The birds pluck off their feathers to fight off the irritation and stress set in. “For those that burrow under the skins of the legs, lameness may result in hampering the birds’ movement to feeders. Production drops,” the doctor says.
The last category of external parasites is lice. “These are found at the base of the feather follicles,” Dr Mutisya says. These too cause irritation and stress. The vet appeals, “A farmer needs to always have a programme to control external parasites to ensure that the birds attain full production potential.”
Internal parasites constitute roundworms, tapeworms among others. “Deworming should be done from 19 weeks with a repeat after three months,” the doctor says.
To control external parasites, a farmer can dip his birds in chemical baths known as acaricide. This chemical is subdivided into a miticide, which kills mites and an ixodicide, which kills ticks. The mixing proportions differ from one to the other. The manufacturer’s instructions need to be followed.
Dr Mutisya demonstrates how to do it with one kind of acaricide. He measures 20 litres of water in a bucket and then 15ml of the chemical and pours it into a bucket. He agitates the solution to ensure it mixes well.
The chicken is then wholly immersed in the chemical solution, ensuring that it doesn’t enter the chicken’s mouth. These disease control measures can prevent the contamination of the entire chicken value chain.
BIOSECURITY MEASURES
One of the biosecurity measures that farmers should have is disinfectant footbaths. These are pools of chemical solutions that kill harmful pathogens that can be carried by shoes, vehicles or equipment.
Their chemical composition varies. Ingredients include hydrogen peroxide, glutaraldehyde or quaternary ammonium compounds (QACS). The manufacturer’s instructions should be adhered to.
These chemicals ensure the disinfection of footwear before entering into the chicken premises. However, farmers are dissuaded from having a stream of visitors to chicken farms, except when necessary.
If vehicles enter the chicken farm, their tyres should run through the bath pool. The vehicle’s driver should exit to disinfect the soles of their shoes. Entire vehicles might even have to be fumigated.
Workers should frequently thoroughly wash their hands with soap under running water or use sanitisers before handling feed, eggs or the chicken.
A quarantine area for chickens that appear sick or are sick should be set up. This would minimise the spread of diseases to the rest of the flock.
If birds have poor nutrition, they will likely have coccidia, a common microscopic protozoan parasite of the gastrointestinal tract. The illness that arises from this condition is coccidiosis.
The condition arises in humid environments. This might happen when drinkers are spilling a lot of water within the litter material. Stunted growth arises and even mortality.
Chicken farmers across the country have decried the high cost of chicken feed. But the Kalro-improved indigenous breed (KC1 2 and 3) forages for food. This cuts down on the cost of feeding for farmers who don’t have the economic muscle.
The
Non-Ruminant Research Institute coordinator Dr Peter Alaru says Kalro has been
working on several feed formulations.
“These formulations are based on different feed ingredients to suit different areas that grow maize, cassava and sorghum as sources of energy,” he says.
The scientist also discloses that Kalro has worked on alternative protein sources. “The Black Soldier Fly (BSF) can replace the soya bean and fish meal,” he says.
Whereas the cockroach is generally viewed as a household nuisance, Kalro has researched and recommended it as an ideal source of protein. Farmers can even learn from Kalro how to breed the insect.
Further research is being conducted on plant-based protein sources such as Moringa leaf meal, azolla and silkworm. “After verifying the results, we’ll release them,” Dr Alaru says.
