More than 150 countries have begun switching to a different polio vaccine - an important milestone towards polio eradication, health campaigners say.
The new vaccine will target the two remaining strains of the virus under a switchover 18 months in the planning.
There were just 74 cases of the paralysing disease in 2015 and there have been 10 so far this year.
All of the cases were in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Africa has been free of polio for more than a year.
Switching the vaccine from one successfully used to fight polio for more than 30 years is a huge logistical exercise.
Thousands of monitors
Thousands of people will monitor the changeover in 155 countries during the next fortnight.
It is taking effect mainly in developing countries, but also in richer ones such as Russia and Mexico.
The new vaccine will still be given as drops in the mouth, so healthcare workers will not need fresh training.
It will no longer include a weakened version of type 2 polio virus, which was eradicated in 1999.
'Rare mutations'
Dr Stephen Cochi, from the US-based Centers for Disease Control (CDC), said: "The current vaccine contains live weakened virus relating to three types of polio.
"But we don't need the type 2 component, as it's not in the world any longer.
"And in very rare cases it can mutate and lead to polio, through what's called circulating vaccine-derived virus.
"So removing type 2 from the vaccine takes away that risk - and ensures we have a vaccine which will work better dose by dose."
What is polio?
- Polio, or poliomyelitis, mainly affects children aged under five
- It is a highly infectious disease caused by a virus. It invades the nervous system and can cause total paralysis in a matter of hours
- Initial symptoms include fever, fatigue, headache, vomiting, stiffness of the neck and pains in the limbs
- One in 200 infections leads to irreversible paralysis. Among those paralysed, 5% to 10% die when their breathing muscles become immobilised
- Today, only two countries - Afghanistan and Pakistan - remain polio-endemic, down from more than 125 in 1988